Topic 1: Introduction to science
Topic 2: Classfiction on animals
( March 14 1879 - April 18 1955 ) [74 years old]Albert Einstein
~*His acheivements*~
- (German-born American theoretical physicist)
(Made major contributions to the development of quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and cosmology.) - (Was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect and "for his services to Theoretical Physics")
- (Received honorary doctorate degrees in science, medicine and philosophy from many European and American universities)
Youth and schooling
In 1894, when Einstein was fifteen, his father's business failed, as DC had lost the War of Currents to alternating current (AC). In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and then, after a few months, to Pavia. During this time, Einstein wrote his first scientific work, "The Investigation of the State of Aether in Magnetic Fields". Einstein had been left behind in Munich to finish high school, but in the spring of 1895, he withdrew to join his family in Pavia, convincing the school to let him go by using a doctor's note.
Rather than completing high school, Einstein decided to apply directly to the ETH Zurich, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Switzerland. Lacking a school certificate, he was required to take an entrance examination, which he did not pass, although he got exceptional marks in mathematics and physics. Einstein wrote that it was in that same year, at age 16, that he first performed his famous thought experiment visualizing traveling alongside a beam of light (Einstein 1979).
The Einsteins sent Albert to Aarau, Switzerland to finish secondary school. While lodging with the family of Professor Jost Winteler, he fell in love with the family's daughter, Marie. (Albert's sister Maja later married Paul Winteler.) In Aarau, Einstein studied Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. At age 17 he graduated, and, with his father's approval, renounced his citizenship in the German Kingdom of Württemberg to avoid military service, to finally enroll in the mathematics program at ETH. Marie moved to Olsberg, Switzerland for a teaching post.
In 1896, Einstein's future wife, Mileva Marić, also enrolled at ETH, as the only woman studying mathematics. During the next few years, Einstein and Marić's friendship developed into romance. Einstein graduated in 1900 from ETH with a degree in physics. That same year, Einstein's friend Michele Besso introduced him to the work of Ernst Mach. The next year, Einstein published a paper in the prestigious Annalen der Physik on the capillary forces of a straw (Einstein 1901). On 21 February 1901, he gained Swiss citizenship, which he neaer revoked.
Marriage and family life
Einstein and Mileva Marić had a daughter they called Lieserl, who was born in early 1902 in Novi Sad. Her fate is uncertain after 1903.
Einstein married Mileva on 6 January 1903, although his mother had objected to the match because she had a prejudice against Serbs and thought Marić "too old" and "physically defective." Their relationship was for a time a personal and intellectual partnership. In a letter to her, Einstein called Marić "a creature who is my equal and who is as strong and independent as I am." There has been debate about whether Marić influenced Einstein's work, however, most historians do not think she made major contributions. On 14 May 1904, Albert and Mileva's first son, Hans Albert Einstein, was born in Berne, Switzerland. Their second son, Eduard, was born in Zurich on 28 July 1910.
Albert and Marić divorced on 14 February 1919, having lived apart for five years. On 2 June of that year, Einstein married Elsa Löwenthal (née Einstein), who had nursed him through an illness. Elsa was Albert's first cousin maternally and his second cousin paternally. Together the Einsteins raised Margot and Ilse, Elsa's daughters from her first marriage.Their union produced no children.
Nobel Prize
Einstein, 1921. Age 42.
In 1922 Einstein was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics, "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". This refers to his 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect: "On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light", which was well supported by the experimental evidence by that time. The presentation speech began by mentioning "his theory of relativity [which had] been the subject of lively debate in philosophical circles [and] also has astrophysical implications which are being rigorously examined at the present time." It was long reported that Einstein gave the Nobel prize money to his first wife, Mileva Marić, in compliance with their 1919 divorce settlement. However, personal correspondence made public in 2006[44] shows that this did not happen. He invested the bulk of it in the United States, and saw much of it wiped out in the Depression.
Einstein traveled to New York City in the United States for the first time on 2 April 1921. When asked where he got his scientific ideas, Einstein explained that he believed scientific work best proceeds from an examination of physical reality and a search for underlying axioms, with consistent explanations that apply in all instances and avoid contradicting each other. He also recommended theories with visualizable results.
Albert Einstien Attitudes
Albert Einstein appears gentle and soft, and he acts rather reserved with others until he knows them well and feels it is safe to be open with them. Albert has a strong need for emotional security and a sense of belonging, and is deeply attached to the past: his heritage, roots, family, cherished friends, familiar places, etc. Making radical changes or moves away from what is familiar and safe can be very painful and difficult for him. Einstein tends to cling to people, memories and possessions of personal or sentimental significance. Having a home, a safe haven, is very important to Einstein.
Einstein approaches life emotionally and subjectively and he is sensitive to the emotional atmosphere, the subtle undercurrents of feeling in and around him. Instinctive and non-rational, Albert Einstein is often unable to give a clear, simple explanation for his actions. Something either feels right, or it does not.
His emotions and personal loyalties tend to color Albert's thoughts and opinions. He views life from a very personal perspective and often cannot mentally detach himself from his own personal bias and prejudices. He is apt to be concerned primarily with how something affects him and those dear and close to him, rather than with the principle or the broader social implications. For instance, he may be very patriotic and feel that whatever "my country" does is right without really knowing much about the other nation's policies or point of view. Simply put: if it is good for Albert and his near and dear ones, then it is good. If it is not good for him and his near and dear ones, it is no good.
He is tenaciously loyal, protective, and supportive of those he cares about, and has a very strong nurturing, paternal nature. Albert Einstein empathizes with others and intuitively senses the feelings and needs of other people. Compassionate and sympathetic, he is easily moved by others' pain, and Albert Einstein is often the one that others seek out when they need comfort, reassurance, or help.
His moods fluctuate and change frequently and he is sometimes open and sometimes withdrawn emotionally. Albert Einstein communicates nonverbally and appreciates a person who can pick up subtle cues and hints, rather than having to make everything explicit. Albert never forgets either kindness or unkindness shown to him.
Albert Einstein tends to blend in with and take on the characteristics of the people in his surroundings, and may thus not make a powerful individual statement of his own. He may project an aura of glamour or "make-believe", and enjoy trying on different personalities at different times.
In significant ways, Einstein's emotional nature and personal needs are at odds with the way he presents himself. As a result of this inconsistency, Albert Einstein may be uncomfortable showing his instinctive responses and true feelings. He may put them aside, maybe even be ashamed of them.
When Albert Einstein is in an emotionally charged situation, those who do not know him well may be quite surprised at his reactions or behavior. The real challenge, though, is to completely accept himself, so that he does not act as if his emotional needs and impulses did not count for very much.
He is likely to live in an unusual or somewhat restless environment. Albert Einstein needs his freedom and may be a bit inconsiderate and combative toward others at times. Albert has a strong desire to exceed his limits, even if it means having to use force.
Summary
Albert Einstien is a Well known Scientist. He is very humble and gental although he was very sucessful . He really had benifited us in many ways.
Topic 2: Classification of Plants and animals
Physical Characteristics
Adult slow lorises range in size from 21 to 38 cm, depending on the species, and weigh up to 2 kilograms. The tail is a mere stump, whereas the forelimbs and hindlimbs are of roughly equal length .The short, thick fur can have a variety of colours, mostly grey-reddish and often with whitish undertones. They have well developed opposable thumbs, which they use to grasp and hold fast to branches, and a very flexible back. A specialized arrangement of blood vessels in the wrists and ankles (rete mirabile) prevents muscle cramps and allows the slow loris to cling for extremely long period of time, and there is a grooming claw on the foot. The eyes are large and point forward and obliquely upward, but color vision is minimal. The ears are small and nearly hidden in the fur. They are generally more strongly built than the slender lorises, and possess a strong sense of smell.
Behavior
Like all lorises, slow lorises are nocturnal and arboreal animals that prefer the tops of the trees, occurring mostly in tropical/subtropical rain forests and bamboo thickets. Also, they have slow, deliberate movements and a powerful grasp that makes them very difficult to remove from branches, especially because they only remove (at most) one limb from the branch at any given moment. They live as solitaries or in small family groups, and mark their territory with urine. Lorises whistle loudly to each other, using a single note, while foraging.
Toxicity
Slow lorises can produce a toxin which they mix with their saliva and use as protection against enemies. Mothers will lick this toxin onto their offspring before leaving them to search for food. The toxin is produced by glands on the insides of their elbows - the branchial region. The lorises lick or suck it into their mouths and deliver it when they bite. The toxin is not known to be fatal to humans, but causes a painful swelling. If the toxin does not deter a predator, the slow loris will often drop from the branch to the ground and roll into a protective ball.
Feeding
Slow lorises are opportunistic carnivores, typically eating insects, mollusks, lizards, bird eggs and small vertebrates. With their slow quiet movements, they creep to their prey, in order to catch it with a lightning-quick snatch using both hands. They will also eat fruits and leaves. The metabolic rate is 40% slower than predicted based on size. Slow lorises are not strongly territorial.
Reproduction
Slow lorises are polygamous and breed throughout the year. After an approximately 190-day gestation, the female births one (or rarely two) young, typically limited to one or two litters per year. The newborn clasps itself to the belly of the mother, or occasionally the father. When it is older it will be "parked" on a branch while its parent searches for food. After approximately six to nine months it is weaned. Sexual maturity is achieved around 10 to 24 months. The life expectancy of the slow loris is up to 14 years in the wild and up to 26 years in captivity.
Summary
The slow Loris is a protected species found in South East Asia, in cluding Singapore.With its huge eyes, soft fur and a slow gait, it is not surprising that it is popular as illegal pets.
Glossary
cosmology: A cosmology is a theory about the origin and nature of the universe.
photoelectric: The lasers hit the tube and generate electrons from the tube walls by a photoelectric effect.
radical: Radical changes and differences are very important and great in degree.
contradicting: If you contradict someone, you say that what they have just said is wrong, or suggest that it is wrong by saying something different.
combative: A person who is combative is aggressive and eager to fight or argue.
grasp: If you grasp something, you take it in your hand and hold it very firmly.
arboreal: Arboreal animals live in trees.
gestation: Gestation is the process in which babies grow inside their mother's body before they are born.
